Introduction to Basic Syntax in Java

1. Overview

Java is a statically-typed, object-oriented programming language. It’s also platform-independent — Java programs can be written and compiled on one type of machine, such as a Windows system, and executed on another, such as MacOS, without any modification to the source code.

In this tutorial, we’re going to look at and understand the basics of Java syntax.

2. Data Types

There are two broad categories of data types in Java: primitive types and objects/reference types.

Primitive types are the basic data types that store simple data and form the foundation of data manipulation. For example, Java has primitive types for integer values (int, long, byte, short), floating-point values (float and double), character values (char), and logical values (boolean).

On the other hand, reference types are objects that contain references to values and/or other objects, or to the special value null to denote the absence of value.

The String class is a good example of a reference type. An instance of the class, called an object, represents a sequence of characters, such as “Hello World”.

3. Declaring Variables in Java

To declare a variable in Java, we must specify its name (also called an identifier) and type. Let’s see a simple example:

int a;
int b;
double c;

In the above example, the variables will receive default initial values based on their declared types. Since we declared our variables to be int and double, they’ll have a default of 0 and 0.0, respectively.

Alternatively, we can use the assignment operator (=) to initialize variables during declaration:

int a = 10;

In the above example, we declare a variable with an identifier a to be of type int and assign a value of 10 to it using the assignment operator (=) and terminate the statement with a semi-colon (;). It’s compulsory, in Java, that all statements end with a semi-colon.

An identifier is a name of any length, consisting of letters, digits, underscore, and dollar sign, that conforms to the following rules:

• starts with a letter, an underscore (_), or a dollar sign ($)
• can’t be a reserved keyword
• can’t be true, false, or null

Let’s expand our code snippet above to include a simple arithmetic operation:

int a = 10;
int b = 5;
double c = a + b;
System.out.println( a + " + " + b + " = " + c);

We can read the first three lines of the code snippet above as “assign the value of 10 to a, assign the value of 5 to b, sum the values of a and b and assign the result to c”. In the last line, we output the result of the operation to the console:

10 + 5 = 15.0

Declaration and initialization of variables of other types follows the same syntax that we’ve shown above. For example, let’s declare String, char, and boolean variables:

String name = "Baeldung Blog";
char toggler = 'Y';
boolean isVerified = true;

For emphasis sake, the main difference in representing literal values of char and String is the number of quotes that surrounds the values. Therefore, ‘a’ is a char while “a” is a String.

4. Arrays

An array is a reference type that can store a collection of values of a specific type. The general syntax for declaring an array in Java is:

type[] identifier = new type[length];

The type can any primitive or reference type.

For example, let’s see how to declare an array that can hold a maximum of 100 integers:

int[] numbers = new int[100];

To refer to a specific element of an array, or to assign a value to an element, we use the variable name and its index:

numbers[0] = 1;
numbers[1] = 2;
numbers[2] = 3;
int thirdElement = numbers[2];

In Java, array indexes start at zero. The first element of an array is at index 0, the second element is at index 1, and so on.

Additionally, we can get the length of the array by calling numbers.length:

int lengthOfNumbersArray = numbers.length;

5. Java Keywords

Keywords are reserved words that have special meaning in Java.

For example, public, static, class, main, new, instanceof, are keywords in Java, and as such, we can’t use them as identifiers (variable names).

6. Operators in Java

Now that we’ve seen the assignment operator (=) above, let’s explore some other types of operators in the Java language:

6.1. Arithmetic Operators

Java supports the following arithmetic operators that can be used for writing mathematical, computational logic:

• + (plus or addition; also used for string concatenation)
• – (minus or subtraction)
• * (multiplication)
• / (division)
• % (modulus or remainder)

We’ve used the plus (+) operator in our previous code example to perform addition of two variables. The other arithmetic operators are used similarly.

Another use of plus (+) is for concatenation (joining) of strings to form a whole new string:

String output =  a + " + " + b + " = " + c;

6.2. Logical Operators

In addition to arithmetic operators, Java supports the following logical operators for evaluating boolean expressions:

• && (AND)
• || (OR)
• ! (NOT)

Let’s consider the following code snippets that demonstrate the logical AND and OR operators. The first example shows a print statement that executes when the number variable is divisible both by 2 AND by 3:

int number = 6;
        
if (number % 2 == 0 && number % 3 == 0) {
    System.out.println(number + " is divisible by 2 AND 3");
}

While the second is executed when number is divisible by 2 OR by 5:

if (number % 2 == 0 || number % 5 == 0) {
    System.out.println(number + " is divisible by 2 OR 5");
}

6.3. Comparison Operators

When we need to compare the value of one variable to that of another, we can use Java’s comparison operators:

• < (less than)
• <= (less than or equal to)
• > (greater than)
• >= (greater than or equal to)
• == (equal to)
• != (NOT equal to)

For example, we can use a comparison operator to determine the eligibility of a voter:

public boolean canVote(int age) {
    if(age < 18) {
        return false;
    }
    return true;
}

7. Java Program Structure

Now that we’ve learned about data types, variables, and a few basic operators, let’s see how to put these elements together in a simple, executable program.

The basic unit of a Java program is a Class. A Class can have one or more fields (sometimes called properties), methods, and even other class members called inner classes.

For a Class to be executable, it must have a main method. The main method signifies the entry point of the program.

Let’s write a simple, executable Class to exercise one of the code snippets we considered earlier:

public class SimpleAddition {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int a = 10;
        int b = 5;
        double c = a + b;
        System.out.println( a + " + " + b + " = " + c);
    }
}

The name of the class is SimpleAddition, and inside of it, we have a main method that houses our logic. The segment of code between an opening and closing curly braces is called a code block.

The source code for a Java program is stored in a file with an extension of .java.

8. Compiling and Executing a Program

To execute our source code, we first need to compile it. This process will generate a binary file with the .class file extension. We can execute the binary file on any machine that has a Java Runtime Environment (JRE) installed.

Let’s save our source code from the above example into a file named SimpleAddition.java and run this command from the directory where we’ve saved the file:

javac SimpleAddition.java

To execute the program, we simply run:

java SimpleAddition

This will produce the same output to the console as shown above:

10 + 5 = 15.0

9. Conclusion

In this tutorial, we’ve looked at some of the basic syntax of Java. Just like any other programming language, it gets simpler with constant practice.

The complete source code for this tutorial is available over on Github.