1. Introduction
CompletableFuture is a powerful tool for asynchronous programming in Java. It provides a convenient way to chain asynchronous tasks together and handle their results. It is commonly used in situations where asynchronous operations need to be performed, and their results need to be consumed or processed at a later stage.
However, unit testing CompletableFuture can be challenging due to its asynchronous nature. Traditional testing methods, which rely on sequential execution, often fall short of capturing the nuances of asynchronous code. In this tutorial, we’ll discuss how to effectively unit test CompletableFuture using two different approaches: black-box testing and state-based testing.
2. Challenges of Testing Asynchronous Code
Asynchronous code introduces challenges due to its non-blocking and concurrent execution, posing difficulties in traditional testing methods. These challenges include:
- Timing Issues: Asynchronous operations introduce timing dependencies into the code, making it difficult to control the execution flow and verify the behavior of the code at specific points in time. Traditional testing methods that rely on sequential execution may not be suitable for asynchronous code.
- Exception Handling: Asynchronous operations can potentially throw exceptions, and it’s crucial to ensure that the code handles these exceptions gracefully and doesn’t fail silently. Unit tests should cover various scenarios to validate exception handling mechanisms.
- Race Conditions: Asynchronous code can lead to race conditions, where multiple threads or processes attempt to access or modify shared data simultaneously, potentially resulting in unexpected outcomes.
- Test Coverage: Achieving comprehensive test coverage for asynchronous code can be challenging due to the complexity of interactions and the potential for non-deterministic outcomes.
3. Black-Box Testing
Black-box testing focuses on testing the external behavior of the code without knowledge of its internal implementation. This approach is suitable for validating asynchronous code behavior from the user’s perspective. The tester only knows the inputs and expected outputs of the code.
When testing CompletableFuture using black-box testing, we prioritize the following aspects:
- Successful Completion: Verifying that the CompletableFuture completes successfully, returning the anticipated result.
- Exception Handling: Validating that the CompletableFuture handles exceptions gracefully, preventing silent failures.
- Timeouts: Ensuring that the CompletableFuture behaves as expected when encountering timeouts.
We can use a mocking framework like Mockito to mock the dependencies of the CompletableFuture under test. This will allow us to isolate the CompletableFuture and test its behavior in a controlled environment.
3.1. System Under Test
We will be testing a method named processAsync() that encapsulates the asynchronous data retrieval and combination process. This method accepts a list of Microservice objects as input and returns a CompletableFuture<String>. Each Microservice object represents a microservice capable of performing an asynchronous retrieval operation.
The processAsync() utilizes two helper methods, fetchDataAsync() and combineResults(), to handle the asynchronous data retrieval and combination tasks:
CompletableFuture<String> processAsync(List<Microservice> microservices) {
List<CompletableFuture<String>> dataFetchFutures = fetchDataAsync(microservices);
return combineResults(dataFetchFutures);
}The fetchDataAsync() method streams through the Microservice list, invoking retrieveAsync() for each, and returns a list of CompletableFuture<String>:
private List<CompletableFuture<String>> fetchDataAsync(List<Microservice> microservices) {
return microservices.stream()
.map(client -> client.retrieveAsync(""))
.collect(Collectors.toList());
}The combineResults() method uses CompletableFuture.allOf() to wait for all futures in the list to complete. Once complete, it maps the futures, joins the results, and returns a single string:
private CompletableFuture<String> combineResults(List<CompletableFuture<String>> dataFetchFutures) {
return CompletableFuture.allOf(dataFetchFutures.toArray(new CompletableFuture[0]))
.thenApply(v -> dataFetchFutures.stream()
.map(future -> future.exceptionally(ex -> {
throw new CompletionException(ex);
})
.join())
.collect(Collectors.joining()));
}3.2. Test Case: Verify Successful Data Retrieval and Combination
This test case verifies that the processAsync() method correctly retrieves data from multiple microservices and combines the results into a single string:
@Test
public void givenAsyncTask_whenProcessingAsyncSucceed_thenReturnSuccess()
throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
Microservice mockMicroserviceA = mock(Microservice.class);
Microservice mockMicroserviceB = mock(Microservice.class);
when(mockMicroserviceA.retrieveAsync(any())).thenReturn(CompletableFuture.completedFuture("Hello"));
when(mockMicroserviceB.retrieveAsync(any())).thenReturn(CompletableFuture.completedFuture("World"));
CompletableFuture<String> resultFuture = processAsync(List.of(mockMicroserviceA, mockMicroserviceB));
String result = resultFuture.get();
assertEquals("HelloWorld", result);
}3.3. Test Case: Verify Exception Handling When Microservice Throws an Exception
This test case verifies that the processAsync() method throws an ExecutionException when one of the microservices throws an exception. It also asserts that the exception message is the same as the exception thrown by the microservice:
@Test
public void givenAsyncTask_whenProcessingAsyncWithException_thenReturnException()
throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
Microservice mockMicroserviceA = mock(Microservice.class);
Microservice mockMicroserviceB = mock(Microservice.class);
when(mockMicroserviceA.retrieveAsync(any())).thenReturn(CompletableFuture.completedFuture("Hello"));
when(mockMicroserviceB.retrieveAsync(any()))
.thenReturn(CompletableFuture.failedFuture(new RuntimeException("Simulated Exception")));
CompletableFuture<String> resultFuture = processAsync(List.of(mockMicroserviceA, mockMicroserviceB));
ExecutionException exception = assertThrows(ExecutionException.class, resultFuture::get);
assertEquals("Simulated Exception", exception.getCause().getMessage());
}3.4. Test Case: Verify Timeout Handling When Combined Result Exceeds Timeout
This test case attempts to retrieve the combined result from the processAsync() method within a specified timeout of 300 milliseconds. It asserts that a TimeoutException is thrown when the timeout is exceeded:
@Test
public void givenAsyncTask_whenProcessingAsyncWithTimeout_thenHandleTimeoutException()
throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
Microservice mockMicroserviceA = mock(Microservice.class);
Microservice mockMicroserviceB = mock(Microservice.class);
Executor delayedExecutor = CompletableFuture.delayedExecutor(200, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
when(mockMicroserviceA.retrieveAsync(any()))
.thenReturn(CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "Hello", delayedExecutor));
Executor delayedExecutor2 = CompletableFuture.delayedExecutor(500, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
when(mockMicroserviceB.retrieveAsync(any()))
.thenReturn(CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "World", delayedExecutor2));
CompletableFuture<String> resultFuture = processAsync(List.of(mockMicroserviceA, mockMicroserviceB));
assertThrows(TimeoutException.class, () -> resultFuture.get(300, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
}The above code uses CompletableFuture.delayedExecutor() to create executors that will delay the completion of the retrieveAsync() calls by 200 and 500 milliseconds, respectively. This simulates the delays caused by the microservices and allows the test to verify that the processAsync() method handles timeouts correctly.
4. State-Based Testing
State-based testing focuses on verifying the state transitions of the code as it executes. This approach is particularly useful for testing asynchronous code, as it allows testers to track the code’s progress through different states and ensure that it transitions correctly.
For example, we can verify that the CompletableFuture transitions to the completed state when the asynchronous task is completed successfully. Otherwise, it transits to a failed state when an exception occurs, or the task is cancelled due to interruption.
4.1. Test Case: Verify State After Successful Completion
This test case verifies that a CompletableFuture instance transitions to the done state when all of its constituent CompletableFuture instances have been completed successfully:
@Test
public void givenCompletableFuture_whenCompleted_thenStateIsDone() {
Executor delayedExecutor = CompletableFuture.delayedExecutor(200, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
CompletableFuture<String> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "Hello", delayedExecutor);
CompletableFuture<String> cf2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> " World");
CompletableFuture<String> cf3 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "!");
CompletableFuture<String>[] cfs = new CompletableFuture[] { cf1, cf2, cf3 };
CompletableFuture<Void> allCf = CompletableFuture.allOf(cfs);
assertFalse(allCf.isDone());
allCf.join();
String result = Arrays.stream(cfs)
.map(CompletableFuture::join)
.collect(Collectors.joining());
assertFalse(allCf.isCancelled());
assertTrue(allCf.isDone());
assertFalse(allCf.isCompletedExceptionally());
}4.2. Test Case: Verify State After Completing Exceptionally
This test case verifies that when one of the constituent CompletableFuture instances cf2 completes exceptionally, and the allCf CompletableFuture transitions to the exceptional state:
@Test
public void givenCompletableFuture_whenCompletedWithException_thenStateIsCompletedExceptionally()
throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
Executor delayedExecutor = CompletableFuture.delayedExecutor(200, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
CompletableFuture<String> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "Hello", delayedExecutor);
CompletableFuture<String> cf2 = CompletableFuture.failedFuture(new RuntimeException("Simulated Exception"));
CompletableFuture<String> cf3 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "!");
CompletableFuture<String>[] cfs = new CompletableFuture[] { cf1, cf2, cf3 };
CompletableFuture<Void> allCf = CompletableFuture.allOf(cfs);
assertFalse(allCf.isDone());
assertFalse(allCf.isCompletedExceptionally());
assertThrows(CompletionException.class, allCf::join);
assertTrue(allCf.isCompletedExceptionally());
assertTrue(allCf.isDone());
assertFalse(allCf.isCancelled());
}4.3. Test Case: Verify State After Task Cancelled
This test case verifies that when the allCf CompletableFuture is canceled using the cancel(true) method, it transitions to the cancelled state:
@Test
public void givenCompletableFuture_whenCancelled_thenStateIsCancelled()
throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
Executor delayedExecutor = CompletableFuture.delayedExecutor(200, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
CompletableFuture<String> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "Hello", delayedExecutor);
CompletableFuture<String> cf2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> " World");
CompletableFuture<String> cf3 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "!");
CompletableFuture<String>[] cfs = new CompletableFuture[] { cf1, cf2, cf3 };
CompletableFuture<Void> allCf = CompletableFuture.allOf(cfs);
assertFalse(allCf.isDone());
assertFalse(allCf.isCompletedExceptionally());
allCf.cancel(true);
assertTrue(allCf.isCancelled());
assertTrue(allCf.isDone());
}5. Conclusion
In conclusion, unit testing CompletableFuture can be challenging due to its asynchronous nature. However, it is an important part of writing robust and maintainable asynchronous code. By using black-box and state-based testing approaches, we can assess the behavior of our CompletableFuture code under various conditions, ensuring that it functions as expected and handles potential exceptions gracefully.
As always, the example code is available over on GitHub.
