Spring Expression Language Guide

1. Overview

The Spring Expression Language (SpEL) is a powerful expression language that supports querying and manipulating an object graph at runtime. It can be used with XML or annotation-based Spring configurations.

There are several operators available in the language:

2. Operators

For these examples, we will use annotation-based configuration. More details about XML configuration can be found in later sections of this article.

SpEL expressions begin with the # symbol, and are wrapped in braces: #{expression}. Properties can be referenced in a similar fashion, starting with a $ symbol, and wrapped in braces: ${property.name}. Property placeholders cannot contain SpEL expressions, but expressions can contain property references:

#{${someProperty} + 2}

In the example above, assume someProperty has value 2, so resulting expression would be 2 + 2, which would be evaluated to 4.

2.1. Arithmetic Operators

All basic arithmetic operators are supported.

@Value("#{19 + 1}") // Will inject 20
private double add; 

@Value("#{'String1 ' + 'string2'}") // Will inject "String1 string2"
private String addString; 

@Value("#{20 - 1}") // Will inject 19
private double subtract;

@Value("#{10 * 2}") // Will inject 20
private double multiply;

@Value("#{36 / 2}") // Will inject 19
private double divide;

@Value("#{36 div 2}") // Will inject 18, the same as for / operator
private double divideAlphabetic; 

@Value("#{37 % 10}") // Will inject 7
private double modulo;

@Value("#{37 mod 10}") // Will inject 7, the same as for % operator
private double moduloAlphabetic; 

@Value("#{2 ^ 9}") // Will inject 512
private double powerOf;

@Value("#{(2 + 2) * 2 + 9}") // Will inject 17
private double brackets;

Divide and modulo operations have alphabetic aliases, div for / and mod for %. The + operator can also be used to concatenate strings.

2.2. Relational and Logical Operators

All basic relational and logical operations are also supported.

@Value("#{1 == 1}") // Will inject true
private boolean equal;

@Value("#{1 eq 1}") // Will inject true
private boolean equalAlphabetic;

@Value("#{1 != 1}") // Will inject false
private boolean notEqual;

@Value("#{1 ne 1}") // Will inject false
private boolean notEqualAlphabetic;

@Value("#{1 < 1}") // Will inject false
private boolean lessThan;

@Value("#{1 lt 1}") // Will inject false
private boolean lessThanAlphabetic;

@Value("#{1 <= 1}") // Will inject true
private boolean lessThanOrEqual;

@Value("#{1 le 1}") // Will inject true
private boolean lessThanOrEqualAlphabetic;

@Value("#{1 > 1}") // Will inject false
private boolean greaterThan;

@Value("#{1 gt 1}") // Will inject 7
private boolean greaterThanAlphabetic;

@Value("#{1 >= 1}") // Will inject true
private boolean greaterThanOrEqual;

@Value("#{1 ge 1}") // Will inject true
private boolean greaterThanOrEqualAlphabetic;

All relational operators have alphabetic aliases, as well. For example, in XML-based configs we can’t use operators containing angle brackets (<, <=, >, >=). Instead, we can use lt (less than), le (less than or equal), gt (greater than), or ge (greater than or equal).

2.3. Logical Operators

SpEL supports all basic logical operations:

@Value("#{250 > 200 && 200 < 4000}") // Will inject true
private boolean and; 

@Value("#{250 > 200 and 200 < 4000}") // Will inject true
private boolean andAlphabetic;

@Value("#{400 > 300 || 150 < 100}") // Will inject true
private boolean or;

@Value("#{400 > 300 or 150 < 100}") // Will inject true
private boolean orAlphabetic;

@Value("#{!true}") // Will inject false
private boolean not;

@Value("#{not true}") // Will inject false
private boolean notAlphabetic;

As with arithmetic and relational operators, all logical operators also have alphabetic clones.

2.4. Conditional Operators

Conditional operators are used to inject different values depending on some condition:

@Value("#{2 > 1 ? 'a' : 'b'}") // Will inject "b"
private String ternary;

The ternary operator is used for performing compact if-then-else conditional logic inside the expression. In this example we trying to check if there was true value or not.

Another common use for ternary operator is to check if some variable is null and then return the variable value or a default:

@Value("#{someBean.someProperty != null ? someBean.someProperty : 'default'}")
private String ternary;

The Elvis operator is a way of shortening of the ternary operator syntax for the case above used in the Groovy language. It is also available in SpEL. The code below is equivalent to the code above:

@Value("#{someBean.someProperty ?: 'default'}") // Will inject provided string if someProperty is null
private String elvis;

2.5. Using Regex in SpEL

The matches operator can be used to check whether or not a string matches a given regular expression.

@Value("#{'100' matches '\\d+' }") // Will inject true
private boolean validNumericStringResult;

@Value("#{'100fghdjf' matches '\\d+' }") // Will inject false
private boolean invalidNumericStringResult;

@Value("#{'valid alphabetic string' matches '[a-zA-Z\\s]+' }") // Will inject true
private boolean validAlphabeticStringResult;

@Value("#{'invalid alphabetic string #$1' matches '[a-zA-Z\\s]+' }") // Will inject false
private boolean invalidAlphabeticStringResult;

@Value("#{someBean.someValue matches '\d+'}") // Will inject true if someValue contains only digits
private boolean validNumericValue;

2.6. Accessing List and Map Objects

With help of SpEL, we can access the contents of any Map or List in the context. We will create new bean workersHolder that will store information about some workers and their salaries in a List and a Map:

@Component("workersHolder")
public class WorkersHolder {
    private List<String> workers = new LinkedList<>();
    private Map<String, Integer> salaryByWorkers = new HashMap<>();

    public WorkersHolder() {
        workers.add("John");
        workers.add("Susie");
        workers.add("Alex");
        workers.add("George");

        salaryByWorkers.put("John", 35000);
        salaryByWorkers.put("Susie", 47000);
        salaryByWorkers.put("Alex", 12000);
        salaryByWorkers.put("George", 14000);
    }

    //Getters and setters
}

Now we can access the values inside the collections using SpEL:

@Value("#{workersHolder.salaryByWorkers['John']}") // Will inject 35000
private Integer johnSalary;

@Value("#{workersHolder.salaryByWorkers['George']}") // Will inject 14000
private Integer georgeSalary;

@Value("#{workersHolder.salaryByWorkers['Susie']}") // Will inject 47000
private Integer susieSalary;

@Value("#{workersHolder.workers[0]}") // Will inject John
private String firstWorker;

@Value("#{workersHolder.workers[3]}") // Will inject George
private String lastWorker;

@Value("#{workersHolder.workers.size()}") // Will inject 4
private Integer numberOfWorkers;

3. Use in Spring Configuration

3.1. Referencing a Bean

In this example we will look at how to use SpEL in XML-based configuration. Expressions can be used to reference beans or bean fields/methods. For example, suppose we have the following classes:

public class Engine {
    private int capacity;
    private int horsePower;
    private int numberOfCylinders;

   // Getters and setters
}

public class Car {
    private String make;
    private int model;
    private Engine engine;
    private int horsePower;

   // Getters and setters
}

Now we create an application context in which expressions are used to inject values:

<bean id="engine" class="com.baeldung.spring.spel.Engine">
   <property name="capacity" value="3200"/>
   <property name="horsePower" value="250"/>
   <property name="numberOfCylinders" value="6"/>
</bean>
<bean id="someCar" class="com.baeldung.spring.spel.Car">
   <property name="make" value="Some make"/>
   <property name="model" value="Some model"/>
   <property name="engine" value="#{engine}"/>
   <property name="horsePower" value="#{engine.horsePower}"/>
</bean>

Take a look at the someCar bean. The engine and horsePower fields of someCar use expressions that are bean references to the engine bean and horsePower field respectively.

To do the same with annotation-based configurations, use the @Value(“#{expression}”) annotation.

3.2. Using Operators in Configuration

Each operator from the first section of this article can be used in XML and annotation-based configurations. However, remember that in XML-based configuration, we can’t use angle bracket operators. Instead, we should use their alphabetic aliases, such as lt (less than) or le (less than or equals). For annotation-based configurations, there are no such restrictions.

public class SpelOperators {
    private boolean equal;
    private boolean notEqual;
    private boolean greaterThanOrEqual;
    private boolean and;
    private boolean or;
    private String addString;
    
    // Getters and setters

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        // toString which include all fields
    }

Now we will add a spelOperators bean to the application context:

<bean id="spelOperators" class="com.baeldung.spring.spel.SpelOperators">
   <property name="equal" value="#{1 == 1}"/>
   <property name="notEqual" value="#{1 lt 1}"/>
   <property name="greaterThanOrEqual" value="#{someCar.engine.numberOfCylinders >= 6}"/>
   <property name="and" value="#{someCar.horsePower == 250 and someCar.engine.capacity lt 4000}"/>
   <property name="or" value="#{someCar.horsePower > 300 or someCar.engine.capacity > 3000}"/>
   <property name="addString" value="#{someCar.model + ' manufactured by ' + someCar.make}"/>
</bean>

Retrieving that bean from the context, we can then verify that values were injected properly:

ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
SpelOperators spelOperators = (SpelOperators) context.getBean("spelOperators");

Here we can see the output of the toString method of spelOperators bean:

[equal=true, notEqual=false, greaterThanOrEqual=true, and=true, 
or=true, addString=Some model manufactured by Some make]

4. Parsing Expressions Programmatically

At times, we may want to parse expressions outside the context of configuration. Fortunately, this is possible, using SpelExpressionParser. We can use all operators that we saw in previous examples, but should use them without braces and hash symbol. That is, if we want to use an expression with the + operator, when used in Spring configuration, the syntax is #{1 + 1}; when used outside of configuration, the syntax is simply 1 + 1.

In the following examples, we will use the Car and Engine beans defined in the previous section.

4.1. Using ExpressionParser

Let’s look at a simple example:

ExpressionParser expressionParser = new SpelExpressionParser();
Expression expression = expressionParser.parseExpression("'Any string'");
String result = (String) expression.getValue();

ExpressionParser is responsible for parsing expression strings. In this example SpEL parser will simply evaluate the string ‘Any String’ as an expression. Unsurprisingly, the result will be ‘Any String’.

As with using SpEL in configuration, we can use it to call methods, access properties, or call constructors.

Expression expression = expressionParser.parseExpression("'Any string'.length()");
Integer result = (Integer) expression.getValue();

Additionally, instead of directly operating on the literal, we could call the constructor:

Expression expression = expressionParser.parseExpression("new String('Any string').length()");

We can also access the bytes property of String class in the same way, resulting in the byte[] representation of the string:

Expression expression = expressionParser.parseExpression("'Any string'.bytes");
byte[] result = (byte[]) expression.getValue();

We can chain method calls, just as in normal Java code:

Expression expression = expressionParser.parseExpression("'Any string'.replace(\" \", \"\").length()");
Integer result = (Integer) expression.getValue();

In this case, the result will be 9, because we have replaced whitespace with the empty string. If we don’t wish to cast the expression result, we can use the generic method T getValue(Class<T> desiredResultType), in which we can provide the desired type of class that we want to be returned. Note that EvaluationException will be thrown if the returned value cannot be cast to desiredResultType:

Integer result = expression.getValue(Integer.class);

The most common usage is to provide an expression string that is evaluated against a specific object instance:

Car car = new Car();
car.setMake("Good manufacturer");
car.setModel("Model 3");
car.setYearOfProduction(2014);

ExpressionParser expressionParser = new SpelExpressionParser();
Expression expression = expressionParser.parseExpression("model");

EvaluationContext context = new StandardEvaluationContext(car);
String result = (String) expression.getValue(context);

In this case, the result will be equal to value of the model field of the car object, “Model 3“. The StandardEvaluationContext class specifies which object the expression will be evaluated against. It cannot be changed after the context object is created. StandardEvaluationContext is expensive to construct, and during repeated usage it builds up cached state that enables subsequent expression evaluations to be performed more quickly. Because of caching it is good practice to reuse StandardEvaluationContext where it possible, if the root object does not change.

However, if the root object is changed repeatedly, we can use the mechanism shown in example below:

Expression expression = expressionParser.parseExpression("model");
String result = (String) expression.getValue(car);

Here, we call the getValue method with an argument that represents the object to which we want to apply a SpEL expression. We can also use the generic getValue method, just as before:

Expression expression = expressionParser.parseExpression("yearOfProduction > 2005");
boolean result = expression.getValue(car, Boolean.class);

4.2. Using ExpressionParser to Set a Value

Using the setValue method on the Expression object returned by parsing an expression, we can set values on objects. SpEL will take care of type conversion. By default, SpEL uses org.springframework.core.convert.ConversionService. We can create our own custom convertor between types. ConversionService is generics aware, so it can be used with generics. Let’s take a look how we can use it in practice:

Car car = new Car();
car.setMake("Good manufacturer");
car.setModel("Model 3");
car.setYearOfProduction(2014);

CarPark carPark = new CarPark();
carPark.getCars().add(car);

StandardEvaluationContext context = new StandardEvaluationContext(carPark);

ExpressionParser expressionParser = new SpelExpressionParser();
expressionParser.parseExpression("cars[0].model").setValue(context, "Other model");

The resulting car object will have model “Other model” which was changed from “Model 3“.

4.3. Parser Configuration

In the following example, we will use the following class:

public class CarPark {
    private List<Car> cars = new ArrayList<>();

    // Getter and setter
}

It is possible to configure ExpressionParser by calling the constructor with a SpelParserConfiguration object. For example, if we try to add car object into the cars array of CarPark class without configuring the parser, we will get an error like this:

EL1025E:(pos 4): The collection has '0' elements, index '0' is invalid

We can change the behavior of the parser, to allow it to automatically create elements if the specified index is null (autoGrowNullReferences, the first parameter to the constructor), or to automatically grow an array or list to accommodate elements beyond its initial size (autoGrowCollections, the second parameter).

SpelParserConfiguration config = new SpelParserConfiguration(true, true);
StandardEvaluationContext context = new StandardEvaluationContext(carPark);

ExpressionParser expressionParser = new SpelExpressionParser(config);
expressionParser.parseExpression("cars[0]").setValue(context, car);

Car result = carPark.getCars().get(0);

The resulting car object will be equal to the car object which was set as the first element of the cars array of carPark object from the previous example.

5. Conclusion

SpEL is a powerful, well-supported expression language that can be used across all the products in the Spring portfolio. It can be used to configure Spring applications or to write parsers to perform more general tasks in any application.

The code samples in this article are available in the linked GitHub repository.